AcetylCoA and acetacetylCoA: Amino Acids Forming Them
"A Lighter Lease" (A LyTr LeIs):
- A=AcetylCoA or Acetoacetyl CoA
- Ly=Lysine
- Tr=Tryptophan
- Le=Leucine
- Is=Isoleucine
Adrenaline mechanism
"ABC of Adrenaline":
- Adrenaline--> activates Beta receptors--> increases Cyclic AMP
B vitamin names
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":
* In increasing order:
- Thiamine (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pyridoxine (B6)
- Cobalamin (B12)
BUN: Creatinine Elevation Causes
ABCD:
- Azotremia (pre-renal)
- Bleeding (GI)
- Catabolic status
- Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
Carbon monoxide: Electron Transport Chain Target
"CO blocks CO":
- Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)
Catabolism steps of branched chain amino acids
"Truck hit the Ox to Death":
- Transamination
- Oxidative decarboxylation
- Dehydrogenation
Citric acid cycle compounds
"Oh Citric Acid Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny Molecule":
- Oxaloacetate
- Citrate
- Aconitate
- Isocitrate
- Oxalosuccinate
- Alpha-ketoglutarate
- SuccinyL-CoA
- SuccinaTe
- Fumarate
- Malate
Citric acid cycle compounds
"Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?":
- Citrate
- Isocitrate
- alpha Ketogluterate
- Succinyl CoA
- Succinate
- Fumerate
- Malate
- Oxaloacetate
Citric acid cycle compounds
"Oh! Can I Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
- Oxaloacetate
- Citrate
- Isocitrate
- Ketoglutarate
- Succinyl coA
- Succinate
- Fumarate
- Malate
Citric acid cycle compounds
"Our City Is Kept Safe And Sound From Malice":
- Oxaloacetate
- Citrate
- Isocitrate
- alpha-Ketoglutarate
- Succinyl-CoA
- Succinate
- Fumarate
- Malate
Citric acid cycle compounds
"Can I Ask Sharon Stone For My Orgasm?":
- Citrate
- Isocitrate
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate
- Succinyl CoA
- Succinate
- Fumerate
- Maleate
- Oxaloacetate
Coagulation common pathway: Factors In Order
10 + 5 - 2 = 13
- Coagulation common pathway:
- Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
Collagen concisely covered
COLLAGEN:
- C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/ C vitamin/ Connective tissue/ Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/ Copper Cofactor (CovalentCross linking)
- Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/ Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
- Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
- Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate for hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains (postranslational modification)
- Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of hydroxylysine with Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows procollagen to GO outside of cell
- Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
- N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal extensions
*Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases
Creatine phosphate: Amino Acid Precursors
"Nice GAMs!":
- Glycine
- Arginine
- Methionine
*Gam is slang for a person's leg, especiallay an attractive female's leg: "Nice gams = nice legs!"
*Creatine phosphate is a muscle energy store, and spontaneously converts to creatinine which is excreted in the urine in direct proportion to muscle mass: clinically useful, such as in MS Dx.
Dicarboxylic acids (alpha, omega) C2 through C10: Common Names
"Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet As Sugar!":
- Oxalic
- Malonic
- Succinic
- Glutaric
- Adipic
- Pimelic
- Suberic
- Azelaic
- Sebacic
DNA bond strength (nucleotides)
"Crazy Glue":
- Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
*This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where RNA primer makes the initial break.
Electron transport chain: Rotenone's Site Of Action
- Rotenone is a site specific inhibitor of complex one
Enzyme kinetics: Competitive Vs. Non-Competitive Inhibition
- With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax.
- With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km; Vmax decreases.
Enzymes: Classification
"Over The HILL":
- Oxidoreductases
- Transferases
- Hydrolases
- Isomerases
- Ligases
- Lyases
*Enzymes get reaction over the hill.
Enzymes: Competitive Inhibitors
- "Competition is hard because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity":
- With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km increases
Essential amino acids
PVT. TIM HALL:
- Phe
- Val
- Thr
- Trp
- Ile
- Met
- His
- Arg
- Leu
- Lys
*Pvt. is short for Private in the military.
*Arg and His are considered semiessential.
*Alternatively: "MATT VIL PHLy".
Essential amino acids
"PVT. TIM HALL always argues, never tires":
- Phe
- Val
- Thr
- Trp
- Ile
- Met
- His
- Arg
- Lue
- Lys
*Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
*'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.
Fabry's disease
FABRY'S:
- Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
- Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
- Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
- Renal failure
- YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
- Sphingolipidoses
Fasting state: Branched-Chain Amino Acids Used By Skeletal Muscles
"Muscles LIVe fast":
- Leucine
- Isoleucine
- Valine
Folate deficiency: Causes
A FOLIC DROP:
- Alcoholism
- Folic acid antagonists
- Oral contraceptives
- Low dietary intake
- Infection with Giardia
- Celiac sprue
- Dilatin
- Relative folate deficiency
- Old
- Pregnant
Galactosaemia: Enzyme Deficiency
GALIPUT:
- Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.
*There is an assay called the Galiput test for this.
Glucagon function
"Mr. Gluca has Gone to the cAMP to bring out some Glucose":
*Glucagon elevates glucose by cAMP mechanism.
Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) Vs. Cori's (III) Enzyme Defect
ABCD:
- Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
- Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
*Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.
Glycogen storage: Names Of Types I Through VI
"Viagra Pills Cause A Major Hardon":
- Von Gierke's
- Pompe's
- Cori's
- Anderson's
- McArdle's
- Her's
Glycolysis steps
"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies":
- Glucose
- Glucose-6-P
- Fructose-6-P
- Fructose-1,6-diP
- Dihydroxyacetone-P
- Glyceraldehyde-P
- 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
- 3-Phosphoglycerate
- 2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
- Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]
- Pyruvate
*Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
*'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.
Golgi complex: Functions
"Golgi Distributes A SPAM":
- Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
- Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
- Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
- Proteoglycan assembly
- Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
- Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine
G protein type for respective receptors
"KISS and KICK till you're SICK of SEX" (QISS and QIQ till you're SIQ of SQS):
*This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the receptors. Receptors are in alphabetical order:
- alpha1=Q
- alpha2=I
- beta1=S
- beta3=S
- M1=Q
- M2=I
- M3=Q
- D1=S
- D2=I
- H1=Q
- H2=S
- V1=Q
- V2=S
G6PD: Oxidant Drugs Inducing Hemolytic Anemia
AAA:
- Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
- Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
- Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)
Heme synthesis: Amino Acid Precursors To Basic Unit Of Porphyrins, Heme (Pyrrole Ring)
"Dracula wants to Suck a Co-ed's blood [think heme] with his Glystening teeth!":
- Succinyl CoA and Glycine are precursor amino acids to pyrrole rings, which is the basic unit of porphyrins and heme.
Hemoglobin binding curve: Causes Of Shift To Right
"CADET, face right!":
- CO2
- Acid
- 2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
- Exercise
- Temperature
Hyperglycemia: 3 Classic Signs And Symptoms
DKA:
- Dehydrated
- Ketoacidosis
- Acetone breath
Hypervitaminosis A: Signs And Symptoms
"Increased Vitamin A makes you HARD":
- Headache/ Hepatomegaly
- Anorexia/ Alopecia
- Really painful bones
- Dry skin/ Drowsiness
Infantile Beriberi symptoms
- Restlessness
- Sleeplessness
- Breathlessness
- Soundlessness (aphonia)
- Eatlessness (anorexia)
- Great heartedness (dilated heart)
* Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.
Insulin: Function
- INsulIN stimulates 2 things to go
- IN 2 cells: Potassium and Glucose.
Malate-aspartate shuttle
"MAD commute":
- Malate in.
- Alpha-ketoglutarate and D (Aspartate) out.
Metabolic acidosis (normal anion-gap): Causes
*With hyperkalemia: RAISE K+:
- RTA type 4
- Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency
- Iatrogenic: NH4Cl, HCl
- "Stenosis": obstructive uropathy
- Early uremia
*With hypokalemia: ReDUCE K+:
- Renal TA type 1 and 2
- Diarrhoea
- Urine diversion into gut
- Carbonate anhydrase inhibitor
- Ex-hyperventilation
Metabolism sites
"Use both arms to HUG":
- Heme synthesis
- Urea cycle
- Gluconeogenesis
*These reactions occur in both cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) properties
"mt DNA".
- mt stands for:
- Maternal Transfer
- Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)
Na/K pump action
(Sing loudly to the chorus of "Kiss Him Goodbye"): "Na, Na, Na -- out! Na, Na, Na -- out! K, K goes...inside!"
Action of pump is 3 Na out and 2 K in-
Na/K pump: Concentrations Of Na Vs. K On Inside/Outside Of Cell, Pump Action, Number Of Molecules Moved
HIKIN':
- There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell.
- From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K into cell and Na out of cell.
- Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was "in" was Kris Kross, and a band that was "out" was "Sha Na Na Na":
- So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out.
*Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer be classed as "in".
Na+/K+ pump: Movement Of Ions And Quantity
- K+ and in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are pumped in.
- Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are pumped out.
Niacin deficiency: Signs And Symptoms
The famous 4 D's:
- Diarrhoea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
- Death (if untreated)
Nitric oxide: Amino Acid Precursor
- When the dentist works on your teeth, you say, "AAArg! (Arginine)" before he administers Nitric Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
*Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NO synthase, Ca++, NADPH.
Phenylketonuria: Which Enzyme Is Deficient
- PHenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of:
- Phenylalanine
- Hydroxylase
Phosphorylation cascade: Action During Low Glucose
- "In the Phasted State, Phosphorylate":
- The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.
Pompe's disease: Type
"Police = Po + lys":
- Pompe's disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1,4 glucosidase).
Porphyrias: Acute Intermittent Porphyria Symptoms
5 P's:
- Pain in abdomen
- Polyneuropathy
- Psychologial abnormalities
- Pink urine
- Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha drugs)
Pyruvate: Products Of Complete Oxidation
"4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy":
*Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
- 4 NADH
- FADH2
- 3 CO2
- 1 GTP
Sickle cell anemia: Mutation
"HbS isn't Very Good":
- At Sixth position of HB beta chain, Valine is present instead of Glutamic acid.
Sickle cell disease pathophysiology
- SICKle cell disease is due to a Substitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the B chain.
Tangier's disease: Hallmark
"Tangierene tonsils":
- Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
* Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis, just like eating tangerenes
tRNA: Molecular Shape
- Fortunately, tRNA (Transfer RNA) is shaped like a capital T.
Type 1 glycogen storage disease
- Type 1 = one (Von), ie Von Giereke's disease
Van den Bergh reaction (Jaundice test)
"Indirect reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubin":
- Both start with vowels, so they go together: Indirect & Unconjugated.
Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid) deficiency: Pellagra
The 3 D's of pellagra:
- Dermatitis
- Diarrhea
- Dementia
*Note vitamin B3 is the 3 D's.
Vitamin K dependent cofactors
"Several Tend To Nicely Stop Clots":
- Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.
- Protein S, Protein C.
Vitamins: which are fat soluble
ADEK:
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
