Calculi: types
ACU:
- Ammonium magnesium phosphate
- Calcium
- Cystine
- Uric acid
Dialysis : indications
HAVE PEE:
- Hyperkalemia (refractory)
- Acidosis (refractory)
- Volume overload
- Elevated BUN (> 36 mM)
- Pericarditis
- Encephalopathy
- Edema (pulmonary)
Dialysis: indications
AEIOU:
- Acid-base problems (severe acidosis or alkalosis)
- Electrolyte problems (hyperkalemia)
- Intoxications
- Overload, fluid
- Uremic symptoms
Enlarged kidneys: causes
SHAPE:
- Sclerderma
- HIV nephropathy
- Amyloidosis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Endocrinophathy (diabetes)
Epididmyitis: bacterial causes
CENT:
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- E. coli
- Nisseria gonorrhoeae
- Tuberculos bacteria
Glomerular disease with a reduced complement level
PELICAN:
- Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- Endocarditis (sub-acute)
- Lupus erythematosus
- Idiopatic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- Cryoglobulinemia
- Abscess (visceral)
- Nephritis
Goodpasture's Syndrome: components
GoodPasture is Glomerulonephritis and Pnuemonitits.
From autoantibodies attacking Glomerular and Pulmonary basement membranes
Hematuria: differential
"SHIT":
Stones/ Systemic disease (SLE)/ Structural lesions (UPJ obstruction)
Hematologic disease (sickle cell, coagulopathy)/ Hypercalciuria/ Hereditary (Alport nephritis)/ HSP/ HUS
Infectious and Immunologic (PSGN)/ IgA nephropathy (Berger nephritis)/ Interstitial disease (interstitial nephritis)/ Idiopathic conditions (thin glomerular basement membrane disease or benign familial hematuria)
Trauma/ Tumor/ TB/ Toxins
Hematuria: urethral causes
NUTS:
- Neoplasm
- Urethritis
- Tumour
- Stone
Hydronephrosis: differential
Unilateral is PACT:
- Pelvic-uteric obstruction (congenital or acquired)
- Aberrant renal vessels
- Calculi
- Tumours of renal pelvis
*Bilateral is SUPER:
- Stenosis of the urethra
- Urethral valve
- Prostatic enlargement
- Extensive bladder tumour
- Retro-peritoneal fibrosis
Hypercalcemia: causes
GRIM FED:
- Granulomas (sarcoid, TB),
- Renal faliure
- Immobility (esp. long term)
- Malignancy
- Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
- Endocrine (see below for subtypes)
- Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium)
Metabolic waste products retention: clinical features
ABCDEFGHI:
- Apathy/ Anorexia/ Anemia
- Bleeding
- Confusion/ Coma
- Dizziness
- Emesis/ Edema of the lung
- Fits
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Hiccups
- Infection
Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome
PARIS:
- Post-streptococcal
- Alport's
- RPGN
- IgA nephropathy
- SLE
Nephrotic syndrome: causes for secondary nephrotic syndrome
DAVID:
- Diabetes mellitus
- Amyloidosis
- Vasculitis
- Infections
- Drugs
Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings
"Protein LEAC":
- Proteinuria
- Lipid up
- Edema
- Albumin down
- Cholesterol up
*In nephrotic, the proteins leak out.
Polycystic kidney: genetic marker
"P" is the 16th letter of the alphabet.
Autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease is associated with abberation on the 16th chromosome.
Prostatism: initial symptoms
"Prostatism is initially FUN":
- Frequency
- Urgency
- Nocturia
Pyelonephritis (acute): predisposing factors
SCARRIN' UP:
- Sex (females <40, males >40)
- Catheterization
- Age (infant, elderly)
- Renal lesions
- Reflux (vesciouteral)
- Immunodeficienct
- NIDDM, IDDM
- Urinary obstuction
- Pregnant
Acute pyelonephritis heals by scarrin' up the area (pyelonephritic scar).
Renal Cell Cancer (RCC): genetic marker
"RCC" equals three. Or, "C" is the third letter of the alphabet.
RCC is associated with genetic abberations on the third chromosome (VHL gene)
Renal failure: causes
AVID GUT:
- Acute tubular necrosis
- Vascular obstruction
- Infection
- Diffuse intravascular coagulation
- Glomerular disease
- Urinary obstruction
- Tubulointerstitial nephritis
Renal failure: symptoms/signs
"My Big Nob Vibrates Gently In Her Purulent Pelvis":
- Malaise
- Breathlessness
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- GI motility
- Headache
- Pruritis
- Pigmentation
Renal failure (chronic): consequences
ABCDEFG:
- Anemia
- Bone alterations
- Cardiopulmonary
- D vitamin loss
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Feverous infections
- GI disturbances
Renal failure (acute): management
Manage AEIOU:
- Anemia/ Acidosis
- Electrolyte and fluids
- Infections
- Other measures (eg nutrition, nausea, vomiting
- Uremia
Renal tubular acidosis: type with common nephrocalcinosis
The stONE (nephrocalcinosis) is common in type ONE.
SIADH: causes
SIADH:
- Surgery
- Intracranial: infection, head injury, CVA
- Alveolar: Ca, pus
- Drugs: opiates,antiepileptics, cytotoxics, anti-psychotics
- Hormonal: hypothyroid, low corticosteroid level
SIADH: major signs and symptoms
SIADH:
- Spasms
- Isn't any pitting edema (key DDx)
- Anorexia
- Disorientation (and other psychoses)
- Hyponatremia
SIADH: diagnostic sign
Syndrome of INAPPropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone:
- Increased
- Na (sodium)
- PP (urine)
*SIADH is characterized by increased urinary sodium.
Testicular atrophy: differential
TESTES SHRINK:
- Trauma
- Exhaustional atrophy
- Sequelae
- Too little food
- Elderly
- Semen obstruction
- Sex hormone therapy
- Hypopituitarism
- Radiation
- Inflammatory orchitis
- Not descended
- Kleinfelter's
Urinary incontinence: causes of acute and reversible
DRIP:
- Delirium
- Restricted mobility/ Retention
- Inflammation / Infection/ Impaction [fecal]
- Pharmaceuticals / Polyuria
*"Drip" is convenient since it is urinary incontinence, so urine only drips out.
Urinary incontinence: differential
DIAPERS:
- Delirium
- Infection
- Atrophic urethritis and vaginitis
- Pharmaceuticals/ Psychologic
- Excessive urine output
- Restricted mobility
- Stool impaction
