Divisions of the Respiratory System:
1. Upper
Respiratory Tract (URT) → Nose, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx.
2. Lower
Respiratory Tract (LRT) → Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli.
Mnemonic: "N.S.P.L. - T.B.B.A." (Nose, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx - Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli)
1. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (URT)
A. NOSE
Functions:
F – Filtration (Traps Dust
& Microbes).
O – Olfaction (Smell via
Olfactory Nerve).
W – Warming &
Humidification of Air.
Mnemonic: "F.O.W. = Filtration, Olfaction, Warming"
B. PARANASAL SINUSES
4 Sinuses:
Maxillary.
Frontal.
Ethmoidal.
Sphenoidal.
Functions:
L – Lightens Skull Weight.
R – Resonance to Voice.
T – Temperature Regulation.
- Mnemonic: "M.F.E.S. = Maxillary, Frontal, Ethmoidal,
Sphenoidal"
- Mnemonic: "L.R.T. = Lightens Skull, Resonance, Temperature"
C. PHARYNX
3 Parts:
Nasopharynx (Air Passage, Contains
Adenoids).
Oropharynx (Food & Air Passage,
Contains Tonsils).
Laryngopharynx (Connects to Larynx
& Esophagus).
Functions:
Prevents Aspiration.
Passage for Air & Food.
Mnemonic: "N.O.L. = Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx"
D. LARYNX (VOICE BOX)
3 Main Cartilages:
Thyroid (Largest, Adam’s Apple).
Cricoid (Complete Ring, Below
Thyroid).
Arytenoid (Controls Vocal Cords).
Functions:
Voice Production.
Prevents Aspiration (Epiglottis Closes
Airway During Swallowing).
Mnemonic: "T.C.A. = Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid"
2. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (LRT)
A. TRACHEA (Windpipe)
Features:
C-Shaped Cartilage Rings (Prevent
Collapse).
Divides into Right & Left Main
Bronchi.
Mnemonic: "T.R.A.C.H. = Trachea Rings Are Cartilage Holders"
B. BRONCHI & BRONCHIOLES
- Right Main Bronchus: Shorter, Wider, More
Vertical (Aspiration Risk).
- Left Main Bronchus: Longer, Narrower, More
Horizontal.
- Bronchi → Secondary Bronchi → Tertiary Bronchi → Bronchioles.
- Bronchioles Lack Cartilage & Lead to Alveoli.
Mnemonic: "R.S.T.B. = Right, Secondary, Tertiary, Bronchioles"
C. RESPIRATORY ZONES
Divided into:
Conducting Zone: Trachea →
Bronchi → Terminal Bronchioles (Air Passage).
Transitional Zone:
Respiratory Bronchioles & Alveolar Ducts (Some Gas Exchange).
Respiratory Zone: Alveolar
Sacs & Alveoli (Main Gas Exchange).
Mnemonic: "C.T.R. = Conducting, Transitional, Respiratory"
D. ALVEOLI (GAS EXCHANGE UNITS)
Structure:
Tiny Air Sacs Surrounded by
Capillaries.
Thin-Walled for Gas Exchange.
Types of Alveolar Cells:
Type I Pneumocytes → Gas
Exchange (Thin, Flat Cells).
Type II Pneumocytes →
Surfactant Production (Prevents Collapse).
Mnemonic: "1-G, 2-S = Type 1 for Gas Exchange, Type 2 for Surfactant"
BLOOD SUPPLY & INNERVATION OF LUNGS
Blood Supply:
Pulmonary Artery (Carries Deoxygenated
Blood from Heart).
Pulmonary Veins (Carry Oxygenated
Blood to Heart).
Nerve Supply:
Sympathetic Nerves → Bronchodilation
(Expand Airways).
Parasympathetic Nerves (Vagus) →
Bronchoconstriction (Narrow Airways).
Mnemonic: "P.A.V. = Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Veins"
Mnemonic: "S.B. - P.B. = Sympathetic Bronchodilates,
Parasympathetic Bronchoconstricts"
HOMOEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES
For Acute Cough & Bronchitis:
- Antimonium Tart, Bryonia, Hepar Sulph, Spongia.
For Asthma:
- Blatta Orientalis, Ipecac, Arsenicum Album.
For Chronic Lung Diseases (COPD,
Bronchiectasis):
- Carbo Veg, Senega, Kali Bich.
- Mnemonic: "A.B.H.S. = Antimonium, Bryonia, Hepar, Spongia for Cough"
FINAL REVISION WITH MNEMONICS
- Respiratory Tract = "N.S.P.L. - T.B.B.A." (Nose, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx - Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli)
- Nose Functions = "F.O.W." (Filtration, Olfaction, Warming)
- Sinuses = "M.F.E.S." (Maxillary, Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal)
- Pharynx = "N.O.L." (Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx)
- Larynx Cartilages = "T.C.A." (Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid)
- Trachea = "T.R.A.C.H." (Trachea Rings Are Cartilage Holders)
- Bronchi = "R.S.T.B." (Right, Secondary, Tertiary, Bronchioles)
- Respiratory Zones = "C.T.R." (Conducting, Transitional, Respiratory)
- Alveoli = "1-G, 2-S" (Type 1 for Gas Exchange, Type 2 for Surfactant)
- Blood Supply = "P.A.V." (Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Veins)
- Nerve Supply = "S.B. - P.B." (Sympathetic Bronchodilates, Parasympathetic Bronchoconstricts)
- Homeopathy = "A.B.H.S." (Antimonium, Bryonia, Hepar, Spongia for Cough)
