Cardiac Arrhythmias Simplified: Disorders of Rate, Rhythm & Conduction

A disturbance in the electrical activity of the heart leading to abnormal heart rates (too fast or too slow) and irregular rhythms.

  Types:

  1. Bradycardia → Slow heart rate (<60 bpm)
  2. Tachycardia → Fast heart rate (>100 bpm)
  3. Arrhythmias → Irregular heartbeats
  4. Conduction Disorders → Heart block, accessory pathways

1. BRADYCARDIA (Slow Heart Rate <60 bpm)

Causes:

  • Sick Sinus Syndrome (SA Node Dysfunction)
  • AV Block (First, Second, Third Degree)
  • Hypothyroidism, Hypothermia
  • Drugs: Beta-Blockers, Digoxin

Mnemonic: "SLOW" (Causes of Bradycardia)

  • Sick Sinus Syndrome
  • Low Temperature (Hypothermia)
  • Overdose of Drugs (Beta-Blockers, Digoxin)
  • Weak SA or AV Node (AV Block)

  Treatment: Atropine, Pacemaker (if severe)


2. TACHYCARDIA (Fast Heart Rate >100 bpm)

Causes:

  • Sinus Tachycardia (Exercise, Fever, Stress, Anemia, Hyperthyroidism)
  • Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) → Re-entry Circuit in Atria
  • Atrial Fibrillation (AF) → Irregularly Irregular Pulse
  • Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) → Dangerous, can lead to Cardiac Arrest

Mnemonic: "FAST" (Causes of Tachycardia)

  • Fever, Fear (Anxiety)
  • Anemia, Arrhythmias
  • Stress, Stimulants (Caffeine, Smoking)
  • Thyroid (Hyperthyroidism)

  Treatment:

  • Sinus Tachycardia → Treat underlying cause (Fever, Anemia, Anxiety)
  • SVTValsalva Maneuver, Adenosine, Beta-Blockers
  • Atrial FibrillationRate control (Beta-Blockers, Digoxin), Anticoagulants
  • Ventricular TachycardiaEmergency Shock (DC Cardioversion, Amiodarone)

3. ARRHYTHMIAS (Irregular Heartbeats)

  Types:

1. Supraventricular Arrhythmias (Above Ventricles)

  • Atrial Fibrillation (AF)Irregular pulse, No P waves on ECG
  • Atrial Flutter"Saw-tooth" ECG waves
  • AVNRT (AV Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia)Sudden Fast Heart Rate

2. Ventricular Arrhythmias (Dangerous!)

  • Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)Wide QRS, Can Lead to Cardiac Arrest
  • Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)Irregular, Deadly, Needs Defibrillation

Mnemonic: "AF-FLUTTER-VT-VF" (Types of Arrhythmias)

  • Atrial Fibrillation (Irregular Pulse)
  • Atrial Flutter (Saw-tooth ECG)
  • Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) (Fast, Wide QRS)
  • Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) (Irregular, Fatal)

 Treatment:

  • AF & FlutterRate Control (Beta-Blockers, Digoxin), Anticoagulants
  • VT & VFDefibrillation (Shock), Amiodarone, CPR

4. CONDUCTION DISORDERS (HEART BLOCKS)

Types:

  1. First-Degree AV BlockPR interval prolonged (>0.2 sec), No dropped beats
  2. Second-Degree AV Block

  • Type 1 (Mobitz I)PR Interval progressively increases, then drops a beat
  • Type 2 (Mobitz II)Sudden drop of QRS (More Dangerous!)
    3
    Third-Degree (Complete) Heart BlockAtria & Ventricles beat independently, Needs Pacemaker!

Mnemonic: "1-2-3 = Slow-Sudden-Stop" (Heart Blocks)

  • 1st Degree → Slow Conduction (Prolonged PR Interval)
  • 2nd Degree → Sudden Drop of QRS
  • 3rd Degree → Complete Stop (No Connection Between Atria & Ventricles)

  Treatment:

  • First-Degree → No Treatment Needed
  • Second-DegreePacemaker (If Symptomatic)
  • Third-DegreePermanent Pacemaker!

DIAGNOSIS OF HEART RHYTHM DISORDERS

  ECG (Electrocardiogram) → Gold Standard!
  Holter Monitor → 24-hour ECG for Arrhythmias
  Electrophysiology Study (EPS) → To identify abnormal circuits
  Blood Tests → Thyroid, Electrolytes (K+, Mg2+), Troponin (Heart Attack)

Mnemonic: "ECHO-H" (Tests for Arrhythmias)

  • ECG → Check Rhythm
  • Cholter Monitor → 24-hour ECG
  • Holter → Long-Term Monitoring
  • Other Blood Tests (Thyroid, Electrolytes)
  • Heart Study (EPS for Arrhythmias)

TREATMENT OF HEART RHYTHM DISORDERS

1. Bradycardia Treatment

  Atropine (Increases Heart Rate)
  Pacemaker (For Persistent Cases)

2. Tachycardia Treatment

  Sinus Tachycardia → Treat Cause (Fever, Anemia, Anxiety)
  SVT → Valsalva, Adenosine, Beta-Blockers
  AF → Beta-Blockers, Digoxin, Anticoagulants (Warfarin, DOACs)
  VT & VF → Shock (Defibrillation, CPR, Amiodarone)

3. Heart Block Treatment

  First Degree → No Treatment Needed
  Second Degree (Mobitz II)Pacemaker
  Third Degree (Complete Block)Permanent Pacemaker!

Mnemonic: "P-A-C-E" (Treatment for Arrhythmias)

  • Pacemaker (Bradycardia, Heart Blocks)
  • Adenosine (SVT)
  • Cardioversion (AF, VT)
  • Epinephrine & CPR (VF)

FINAL REVISION WITH MNEMONICS

  • Bradycardia = "SLOW" (Sinus Problem, Low Temp, Overdose, Weak Node)
  • Tachycardia = "FAST" (Fever, Anemia, Stress, Thyroid)
  • Arrhythmias = "AF-FLUTTER-VT-VF"
  • Heart Blocks = "1-2-3 = Slow-Sudden-Stop"
  • Diagnosis = "ECHO-H" (ECG, Holter, EPS, Blood Tests)
  • Treatment = "P-A-C-E" (Pacemaker, Adenosine, Cardioversion, Epinephrine) 

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