1. Introduction
- The cardiovascular
system transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
removes waste products.
- Consists
of:
- Heart – Pump
- Blood
vessels – Pipes (arteries, veins, capillaries)
- Blood – Fluid
(connective tissue)
2. The Heart
- Muscular
organ located in the mediastinum (between lungs).
- Enclosed
in pericardium (double-layered sac).
Heart Layers:
- Pericardium – outer
covering
- Myocardium – muscle
layer (contracts)
- Endocardium – inner
lining
Chambers (4):
- Right
Atrium
- Right
Ventricle
- Left
Atrium
- Left
Ventricle
Circulatory Pathways:
- Right side → Pulmonary
circulation (deoxygenated to lungs)
- Left side → Systemic
circulation (oxygenated to body)
Valves of the Heart:
|
Valve |
Location |
|
Tricuspid Valve |
Right atrium → ventricle |
|
Pulmonary Valve |
Right ventricle → lungs |
|
Mitral (Bicuspid) |
Left atrium → ventricle |
|
Aortic Valve |
Left ventricle → aorta |
3. Blood Vessels
Arteries:
- Carry oxygenated
blood away from heart (except pulmonary artery).
- Thick,
muscular walls.
Veins:
- Carry deoxygenated
blood to heart (except pulmonary vein).
- Have valves
to prevent backflow.
Capillaries:
- Microscopic
vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, waste occurs.
4. Major Blood Vessels
- Aorta – largest
artery, carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle.
- Vena Cava
(SVC & IVC) – largest veins, bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium.
- Pulmonary
Arteries – carry blood from right ventricle to lungs.
- Pulmonary
Veins – carry blood from lungs to left atrium.
5. Blood Circulation
Types
- Systemic
circulation – body-wide oxygen supply.
- Pulmonary
circulation – exchange of gases in lungs.
- Portal
circulation – e.g., hepatic portal system (intestines → liver).
- Coronary
circulation – blood supply to heart muscle.
6. Conducting System of
Heart
- SA Node
(pacemaker)
- AV Node
- Bundle of
His
- Right
& Left Bundle Branches
- Purkinje
Fibers
Mnemonic: "Some Are Better Path Finders"
(SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers)
7. Clinical Anatomy
- Heart
Block – failure in conduction system.
- Atherosclerosis – artery
wall thickening (plaque).
- Hypertension – high BP
damages arteries.
- Myocardial Infarction – heart attack due to blocked coronary artery.
Tags
ANATOMY