Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand, reason, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. It is a combination of cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving skills. Intelligence is influenced by genetic, environmental, and social factors and plays a crucial role in personal and academic success.
Types of Intelligence
- Fluid
Intelligence – The ability to solve new problems, use logic, and identify
patterns.
- Crystallized
Intelligence – The ability to use knowledge, experience, and skills.
- Emotional
Intelligence – The ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions.
- Multiple
Intelligences (Howard Gardner) – Different types of
intelligence:
- Linguistic
Intelligence (verbal skills)
- Logical-Mathematical
Intelligence (problem-solving, reasoning)
- Spatial
Intelligence (visualizing objects)
- Musical
Intelligence (understanding sound patterns)
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
Intelligence (control over body movements)
- Interpersonal
Intelligence (understanding others)
- Intrapersonal
Intelligence (self-awareness)
- Naturalistic
Intelligence (understanding nature and the environment)
Theories of Intelligence
- Spearman’s
Two-Factor Theory – General intelligence
(g-factor) and specific abilities (s-factor).
- Thurstone’s
Primary Mental Abilities – Intelligence consists of
multiple mental abilities like verbal comprehension, numerical ability,
memory, and reasoning.
- Gardner’s
Multiple Intelligences Theory – Intelligence is divided
into different types beyond just logical and verbal skills.
- Sternberg’s
Triarchic Theory – Intelligence is composed of analytical, creative, and practical
intelligence.
- Cattell’s
Theory – Divides intelligence into fluid and crystallized intelligence.
Causes of Low Intelligence or
Intellectual Disabilities
- Genetic
Factors – Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, hereditary conditions.
- Neurological
Factors – Brain injury, developmental disorders.
- Nutritional
Deficiencies – Lack of essential nutrients affecting brain development.
- Environmental
Factors – Poor education, lack of stimulation in childhood.
- Medical
Conditions – Infections, birth complications, hypothyroidism.
Clinical Features, Signs &
Symptoms of Intellectual Disabilities
- Delayed
speech and language development.
- Difficulty
in learning new concepts.
- Poor
problem-solving and reasoning skills.
- Inability
to perform daily activities independently.
- Difficulty
in social interactions and communication.
Investigations
- IQ Tests –
Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS, WISC), Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Test.
- Neuropsychological
Assessments – Assess different cognitive abilities.
- Brain
Imaging (MRI, CT scan) – To detect brain
abnormalities.
- Genetic
Testing – To identify inherited disorders affecting intelligence.
Treatment & Management
- Special
Education Programs – Individualized teaching
methods for better learning.
- Cognitive
Training – Exercises to improve reasoning and problem-solving skills.
- Speech and
Occupational Therapy – Helps in communication
and daily activities.
- Behavioral
Therapy – Managing emotional and social difficulties.
- Medications – In
cases of associated neurological or psychological disorders.
Homeopathic Remedies
- Baryta
Carbonica – Delayed mental development, weak memory, difficulty learning.
- Calcarea
Phosphorica – Slow learning, forgetfulness, mental weakness.
- Anacardium
Orientale – Poor memory, confusion, indecisiveness.
- Phosphorus – Quick
learning but poor retention, lack of concentration.
- Lycopodium Clavatum – Weak memory, difficulty recalling words, poor confidence.
PSYCHOLOGY INCLUDES:-